white lotus rebellion

[6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Szczepanski, Kallie. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). ", Dai, Yingcong. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. [CDATA[ This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. . Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. 12 talking about this. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. Corrections? . At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Omissions? Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. //]]>. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces ", McCaffrey, Cecily. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. View original page. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. #ga-ad {display: none;} ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. At the . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers.