Answer. Verse 12. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. Was this answer helpful? Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. He stopped the killing of cows by means . He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Answer. Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Verse 13. Match words . An unpopular king, he was killed. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. After that, the English translation. Sanskrit works on medicine and music were also translated into Persian at his instance. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Subscribe here. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Check ' ' translations into Persian. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. . The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. the Kambojs [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Answer: Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the history of Kashmir. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. . In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. Son of Partha. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Turn on. [5], Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Son of Sangramapida II. Son of Aksha. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. The. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. From Stein's translation:[3]. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Published online by Cambridge University Press: [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Died young. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. No examples found, consider adding one please. Verse 11. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. After his death, the queen committed. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Kalhana was a poet. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. epic poem Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. Total loading time: 0 Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them.